[1] William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, in Stephen Greenblatt et al., eds, The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Edition, New York: W.W.Norton, 2008, p. 880.中译文参考了朱生豪译本,据英文有所改动(详见莎士比亚《仲夏夜之梦》,朱生豪译,方平校,收入莎士比亚《莎士比亚全集》[一],朱生豪等译,人民文学出版社,1994年,第719页)。
[2] William Shakespeare, Love’s Labour’s Lost, ed.H.R. Woudhuysen, London: Bloomsbury, 1998, p. 293. 后文出自同一著作的引文,将随文标出引文所在幕次、场次和行数,不再另注。中译文参考了朱生豪译本,据英文有所改动(详见莎士比亚《爱的徒劳》,朱生豪译,吴兴华校,收入莎士比亚《莎士比亚全集》[一],朱生豪等译,第658页)。
[3] 关于早期现代“wit”概念的讨论和中译,详见陈星《何为‘智趣’?——浅论17、18世纪英国文学艺术观》,载《外国文学》2019年第5期,第17-27页。
[4] See Lawrence Stone, The Crisis of Aristocracy: 1558-1641, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965, pp. 1-17.
[5] See Frank Whigham, Ambition and Privilege: The Social Tropes of Elizabethan Courtesy Theory, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984, p. 5.
[6] See Peter Mack, Elizabethan Rhetoric: Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 11-47.莎士比亚极可能曾就读于其家乡阿文河上的斯特拉福德的国王新校(the King’s New School),他的作品也多处涉及对文法学校修辞教育的反思(see Stephen Greenblatt, Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare, New York and London: W. W.Norton & Company, 2004, pp. 24-27)。
[7] See David Bevington, Shakespeare’s Ideas: More Things in Heaven and Earth, Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, p. 127.亚马多、霍罗福尼斯和纳森聂尔均源自意大利即兴喜剧(commedia dell’arte)文学传统中的老套人物,即自吹自擂的士兵(源于古罗马喜剧中的吹牛军人)、校长及教区牧师(see Walter Cohen, “Love’s Labour’s Lost”, in Stephen Greenblatt et al., eds., The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Edition, p. 770)。
[8] See Cicero, On Invention. The Best Kind of Orator. Topics, trans.H.M.Hubbell, Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press, 1949, p. 18.另参见西塞罗《西塞罗全集·修辞学卷》,王晓朝译,人民出版社,2007年,第147页。
[9] See Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans.Hélène Iswolsky, Cambridge: M.I.T.Press, 1968, pp.26-27.但学者瑞布霍恩基于巴赫金学说的研究则表明,文艺复兴时期关于修辞学的讨论体现了理想的贵族身体观与怪诞的底层身体观的融合(see Wayne A.Rebhorn, “Baldesar Castiglione, Thomas Wilson, and the Courtly Body of Renaissance Rhetoric”, in Rhetorica, 11.3[1993], pp. 241-274)。
[10] 关于该世界观如何从柏拉图开始,并对后世形而上学、美学,甚至天文学和生物学产生了影响,详见洛夫乔伊《存在巨链》,张传有、高秉江译,商务印书馆,2015年。
[11] See Roland Barthes, The Semiotic Challenge, trans. Richard Howard, New York: Hill and Wang, 1988, pp. 13-14.
[12] See Douglas Biow, On the Importance of Being an Individual in Renaissance Italy: Men, Their Professions, and Their Beards, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, p. 67; see also Frank Whigham, Ambition and Privilege: The Social Tropes of Elizabethan Courtesy Theory, pp. 32-62.
[13] Cicero, On the Orator: Book 3: On Fate. Stoic Paradoxes Divisions of Oratory, trans. H.Rackham, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942, pp. 82-83.
[14] See Cicero, On the Orator: Book 3: On Fate. Stoic ParadoxesDivisions of Oratory, pp. 84-85.
[15] See Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria Nova of Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Revised Edition, trans.Margaret F.Nims, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2010.关于《新诗艺》影响的研究,详见Marjorie Curry Woods, Classroom Commentaries: Teaching the Poetria nova across Medieval and Renaissance Europe, Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2010。
[16] 该书于1512—1580年间刊印了168个版本,是文艺复兴时期刊印次数最多的修辞学教材(see Peter Mack, A History of Renaissance Rhetoric, 1380-1620, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 76; see also Peter Mack, Elizabethan Rhetoric: Theory and Practice, pp. 12-13)。
[17] See Desiderius Erasmus, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style: De duplici copia verborum ac rerum Commentarii duo, trans.and ed.Betty I.Knott, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978, p. 302.
[18] See Peter Mack, A History of Renaissance Rhetoric,1380-1620, p. 3.
[19] Colin Burrow, “Shakespeare and Humanistic Culture”, in Charles Martindale and A.B.Taylor, eds., Shakespeare and the Classics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p.16.
[20] Lynn Enterline, Shakespeare‘s Schoolroom: Rhetoric, Discipline, Emotion, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p. 1.
[21] Desiderius Erasmus, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style: De duplici copia verborum ac rerum Commentarii duo, p. 295.
[22] See Paul Sullivan, “Playing the Lord: Tudor Vulgaria and the Rehearsal of Ambition”, in English Literary History, 75 (2008), pp. 179-196.
[23] See Joy Connolly, The State of Speech: Rhetoric and Political Thought in Ancient Rome, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 131.
[24] See Brian Vickers, “‘The Power of Persuasion’: Images of the Orator, Elyot to Shakespeare”, in James Murphy, ed., Renaissance Eloquence: Studies in the Theory and Practice of Renaissance Rhetoric, Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1983, pp. 411-435.
[25] 亚里斯多德《修辞学》,罗念生译,上海人民出版社,2006年,第28页。
[26] See Frank Whigham, Ambition and Privilege: The Social Tropes of Elizabethan Courtesy Theory, pp. 20-22.
[27] 关于柏拉图对修辞术的批评以及西塞罗对柏拉图的回应,参见Joy Connolly, The State of Speech: Rhetoric and Political Thought in Ancient Rome, pp. 121-124。
[28] See Walter Cohen, “Love’s Labour’s Lost”, p.767.莎剧中用韵的场合颇多,原因各有不同。例如,莎剧中的愚人(Fool)喜欢用韵表达,效果是突出语言的游戏性,并以此达到嬉笑怒骂的结果;巫师下咒往往用韵,凸显诗歌语言的魔法性;在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中,两位主角表达爱意时偏好用十四行诗韵脚,这是因为十四行诗已成为传情达意的范式。
[29] Frank Whigham and Wayne A.Rebhorn, eds., The Art of English Poesy by George Puttenham: A Critical Edition, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2007, p. 272.
[30] See Foster Watson, Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, London: Edward Arnold, 1912, p.55; see also Jennifer Richards and Alison Thorne, “Introduction”, in Jennifer Richards and Alison Thorne, eds., Rhetoric, Women and Politics in Early Modern England, Abingdon: Routledge, 2007, p. 4.
[31] 早期现代讨论女性美德的性别行为手册广为流传,有的认为妻子对丈夫的义务包括尊敬他、把自己交予他并服从他(see John Dod and Robert Cleaver, A Godly Form of Household Government, London:Printed by R.Field for Thomas Man, 1598),有的则将家庭伦理与宗教虔诚结合在一起,称丈夫是妻子的首领,与作为教会首领的基督相类比(see William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, London: Printed by John Haviland for William Bladen, 1622)。
[32] See Patricia Parker, Literary Fat Ladies: Rhetoric, Gender, Property, Abingdon: Routledge, 1987, pp. 104-107.
[33] Patricia Parker, “Preposterous Reversals: Love’s Labour’s Lost”, in Modern Language Quarterly, 54 (1993), p. 439.
[34] 意大利诗人彼特拉克的诗歌为十六世纪末的性别欲望提供了流行的范本,影响巨大。布赖滕博格认为,彼特拉克主义是《爱的徒劳》中男性欲望的潜文本,对该剧的结构和剧情有决定性意义(see Mark Breitenberg, “The Anatomy of Masculine Desire in Love’s Labor’s Lost”, in Shakespeare Quarterly, 43[1992], pp.430-449)。
[35] See Joan Kelly-Gadol, “Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, in Renate Bridenthai and Clandia Koonz,eds., Becoming Visible: Women in European History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977, pp. 174-201.
[36] See Katherine Eisaman Maus, “Transfer of Title in Love’s Labour’s Lost: Language, Individualism, Gender”, in Ivo Kamps, ed., Shakespeare Left and Right, New York: Routledge, 1991, pp.206-223.
[37] See Patricia Parker, “On the Tongue: Cross-Dressing, Effeminacy, and the Art of Words”, in Style, 23 (1989), pp. 445-465.
[38] 这也是首部在封面上标明莎士比亚真名的莎剧剧本;对该版本扉页的详细讨论,可参见H.R. Woudhuysen, “Introduction to Love’s Labour’s Lost”, in William Shakespeare, Love’s Labour’s Lost, ed. H.R. Woudhuysen, pp. 298-305。马库斯在讨论第一四开本扉页上这句话的意义时,详细分析了该剧与宫廷圣诞演剧活动的联系如何影响着读者对文本的理解,并指出,与对开本相比,四开本之所以将法国公主写成“女王”,原因或在于该剧在女王陛下面前进行了演出(see Leah S.Marcus, “Levelling Shakespeare: Local Customs and Local Texts”, in Shakespeare Quarterly, 42[1991], pp. 168-178)。
[39] See Paul J. Voss, Elizabethan News Pamphlets: Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, and the Birth of Journalism, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2001.沃斯认为,对法国内战的连载是英国新闻行业的开端。
[40] See Maurice A. Hunt, Shakespeare’s Speculative Art, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011, pp. 127-150.
[41] See Linda Shenk, “Shakespeare’s Comic Topicality in Love’s Labour’s Lost”, in English Literary Renaissance, 47 (2017), p. 204.
[42] See Maurice A. Hunt, Shakespeare’s Speculative Art, pp. 127-150.
[43] See J. E. Neale, Queen Elizabeth I, Garden City: Doubleday, 1957, p. 337.
[44] See in Maurice A. Hunt, Shakespeare’s Speculative Art, p. 132.
[45] See “court v”, in The OED online, Oxford: Oxford University Press,https://www-oed-com.ezproxy.lib.utexasedu/view/Entry/43200?rskey=BlWDBx&result=3#eid[2021-03-01]同样的词意扩展也发生在相同时期的欧洲大陆其他语言中:法语单词“courtiser”、意大利语单词“corteggiare”、西班牙语单词“cortejar”及德语单词“hofieren”,都是在十五、十六世纪之交拥有了“求爱”这个含义(see Catherine Bates, The Rhetoric of Courtship in Elizabethan Language and Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 8-9)。
[46] See Linda Shenk, “Shakespeare’s Comic Topicality in Love’s Labour’s Lost”, p. 214.
[47] Catherine Bates, The Rhetoric of Courtship in Elizabethan Language and Literature, p. 20.
[48] 伊丽莎白一世为自己精心构建了雌雄同体的性别身份,通过充当英格兰的母亲兼父亲,为自己以女性身份成为父权体系的头领提供正当性。